A3.3B Trusted AI on Mars

In October 2023, the Onboard Planner (OBP) took control of the Perseverance rover on Mars, over 200 million miles from Earth. As of December 2025, OBP has operated for over 400 tactical plans covering over 700 Martian days (sols) and has: executed over 12000 activities requested by scientists and engineers, driven over 20 kilometers, acquired over 100,000 images, and collected more than 10 rock core samples. In contrast to the traditional form of operations, where operators provide a rigid set of instructions for the rover, with OBP Perseverance revises its schedule an average of 16 times each day to stay responsive in a dynamic Martian environment where things don’t always go as expected. This flexibility allows the mission to manage resources such as energy more efficiently and therefore accomplish more science.

In this talk, we discuss the approach to ensuring that a search-based AI system, specifically the Onboard Planner, would (1) achieve mission objectives; and critically (2) protect the rover, a multi-billion dollar one of a kind asset. We describe the “whole lifecycle” approach to developing trusted autonomy software for M2020, spanning: conception, design, analysis, prototyping, and testing. We then describe the incremental rollout and training to smooth the transition to operations with increased onboard autonomy. Next we discuss how the OBP software has improved mission return in quantity and quality in several different ways. Finally we describe the even greater challenges of autonomy in future missions to hunt for life beyond Earth.